Discovery and industrial application Titanium was discovered by Gregor of Britain in 1791, and then in 1795, German chemist Klaprus named this newly discovered metal after the Greek god Titans, which is translated into “titanium” in Chinese. This metal is abundant on the earth, with as many as 140 known titanium minerals, but ilmenite and rutile are mainly used in industry. China’s ilmenite reserves lead the world, accounting for 28%. Titanium is widely used in many fields due to its unique properties, such as high and low temperature resistance, strong acid and alkali resistance, high strength and low density. For example, it was selected by NASA as a special material for rockets and satellites, and it also plays a key role in major projects such as my country’s Yutu, J-20 and Shandong aircraft carrier. After entering the civilian field in the 1980s, titanium was hailed as the “honorary metal king” in the food industry because of its natural antibacterial and biophilic properties. China’s titanium industry started in the 1950s, and sponge titanium and titanium processing plants were built in the mid-1960s, marking China’s rise in the titanium industry. After entering the 21st century, China’s titanium industry has ushered in new development opportunities, and its production capacity has ranked among the top in the world. Pure titanium and titanium alloys Pure titanium, also known as industrial pure titanium or commercial pure titanium, is graded according to the content of impurity elements. It exhibits excellent stamping process performance and welding performance, and is insensitive to heat treatment and tissue type. Under the condition of meeting a certain plasticity, pure titanium also has a certain strength, which is mainly affected by the content of interstitial elements oxygen and nitrogen. For example, the performance indicators of 99.5% industrial pure titanium are as follows: density is 4.5g/cm³, melting point reaches 1800°C, thermal conductivity is 15.24W/(M.K), tensile strength σb is 539MPa, elongation is 25%, cross-sectional shrinkage is 25%, elastic modulus is 1.078×10⁵MPa, and hardness is HB195. Titanium alloy is an alloy composed of other elements added to titanium. Although the history of this metal is relatively short, with only sixty or seventy years of discovery, titanium alloy has occupied an indispensable position in key components such as aircraft engines, rockets, and missiles due to its light weight, high strength, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. It is worth noting that titanium has two isomorphous crystal structures. Below 882°C,

Molybdenum wire has become an indispensable key material in many industrial fields due to its unique physical and chemical properties in the precious metal market. Regarding the question of “how much does molybdenum wire cost per kilogram”, in fact, the price of molybdenum wire is usually calculated by 10,000 meters or kilograms, rather than the traditional kilogram. Its price is affected by multiple factors such as market supply and demand, purity, production process, and international metal price fluctuations, so the specific price will fluctuate. Generally speaking, the price of high-quality molybdenum wire may range from hundreds of yuan to thousands of dollars per 10,000 meters, which will be quite considerable when converted into kilograms (assuming that one kilogram is approximately equal to 5,000 meters, which needs to be calculated according to the specifications of the molybdenum wire). Next, let’s take a closer look at the main application areas of molybdenum wire: Electronic components: Molybdenum wire is widely used in the manufacture of electronic components such as thermocouples, vacuum circuit breakers, vacuum electrical appliances, etc. due to its excellent conductivity and high temperature resistance. In high temperature and high pressure environments, molybdenum wire can maintain stable performance to ensure the normal operation of electronic equipment. Fiber heating: In fiber optic communication and laser manufacturing, molybdenum wire is used as a heating material, and its high temperature resistance and good thermal conductivity provide a stable and reliable solution for fiber heating. High temperature furnaces: Molybdenum wire plays an important role as a heating element in high temperature furnaces, such as high temperature furnaces, vacuum furnaces, etc. Its high melting point and chemical stability enable molybdenum wire to work stably for a long time under extreme conditions, meeting various high temperature heating needs. Semiconductor and LED manufacturing: In semiconductor substrate manufacturing and LED production, molybdenum wire is used as a heating element or electrode material to improve product quality and production efficiency by precisely controlling temperature. Aerospace and military: In the field of aerospace, molybdenum wire and its alloys are used as structural materials and heating elements in high temperature environments, providing important guarantees for the stability and safety of aircraft. At the same time, in military equipment, molybdenum wire is also widely used due to its excellent performance. Automobile manufacturing: In the process of automobile manufacturing, molybdenum wire is used for spraying automobile parts to improve the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of parts and extend the service life

The manufacturing process of molybdenum plate mainly includes cutting, punching and heat treatment. First of all, molybdenum plate cutting is the first step in molybdenum plate processing. Common cutting methods include mechanical cutting, flame cutting and plasma cutting. Mechanical cutting is the cutting of molybdenum plate by mechanical equipment. Common equipment includes shearing machine, punching machine, etc. It is suitable for thicker molybdenum plates. Plasma cutting is the cutting of molybdenum plate by high-temperature plasma arc, which is suitable for thinner molybdenum plates. Secondly, punching is the process of processing holes at designated positions on molybdenum plates. Common punching methods include punch punching and laser punching. Punch punching is the punching of holes on molybdenum plates by punching equipment, which is suitable for holes with larger diameters. Laser punching is the processing of molybdenum plates by laser, which is suitable for small diameter holes and holes with complex shapes. Finally, heat treatment is one of the important links in molybdenum plate processing, and its content includes annealing, quenching, tempering and other steps. Heat treatment can change the internal structure of molybdenum plate, improve its strength, hardness, toughness and other properties to meet the needs of different applications. Finally, the production process of molybdenum plate needs to go through multiple steps of processing and treatment to obtain high-quality molybdenum plate products. Keywords：molybdenum plate molybdenum plate factory molybdenum plate manufacturers molybdenum plate price molybdenum plate suppliers china molybdenum plate wholesale molybdenum plate

Unveiling the secret of 44% nickel content: CuNi44 copper-nickel alloy plate has become the hidden champion of marine engineering and petrochemical industry with its hard-core performance of 320MPa tensile strength and resistance to medium salt spray corrosion. Beware of the work hardening trap when selecting, and the 44% nickel ratio has balanced the cost and corrosion resistance. The reason behind the rise of domestic prices to US$26./KG is the leap in processing performance brought about by the breakthrough of heat treatment process. CuNi44 copper-nickel alloy plate is a high-performance copper-based alloy. It is widely used in marine engineering, petrochemical industry, architectural decoration and other fields due to its excellent corrosion resistance, good processing performance and medium strength. This article will comprehensively analyze the CuNi44 copper-nickel alloy plate from the aspects of technical parameters, industry standards, material selection misunderstandings, technical disputes, etc. 1. Technical parameters of CuNi44 copper-nickel alloy plate CuNi44 is a typical copper-nickel alloy, which is mainly composed of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), of which the nickel content is about 44%. This ratio gives CuNi44 alloy unique physical and chemical properties. The following are its main technical parameters: Chemical composition: Copper (Cu): balance Nickel (Ni): 44% Impurity elements: ≤1.5% (including iron, manganese, silicon, etc.) Physical properties: Density: 8.8g/cm³ Thermal conductivity: about 330W/m·K Electrical conductivity: about 70%IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) Mechanical properties: Tensile strength (σb): about 320MPa Yield strength (σ0.2): about 180MPa Elongation (δ5): about 40% Corrosion resistance: Excellent corrosion resistance in moderate salt spray environment. Good resistance to moisture, acidic gases and organic compounds. Processing performance: It has good cold and hot processing performance and can be processed by stamping, stretching, bending and other forming processes. 2. Industry standards and specifications The production and application of CuNi44 copper-nickel alloy plates must comply with relevant industry standards. The following are two commonly used industry standards: ASTMB137: American Society for Testing and Materials standard, which specifies the chemical composition, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance requirements of copper-nickel alloy plates. AMS4667: Aerospace material specification, suitable for the manufacture and testing of high-performance copper-nickel alloy plates. 3. Material selection misunderstandings When selecting CuNi44 copper-nickel alloy plates, the following three misunderstandings are prone to occur: Excessive pursuit of high nickel content: Although the increase in nickel content can improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy, excessive nickel content will lead to increased material costs and decreased processing performance. The 44% nickel content of

CuNi3 copper-nickel alloy (97%Cu+3%Ni) has become a core material for marine engineering and aerospace with its 8.8g/cm3 density,≥500MPa tensile strength and excellent corrosion resistance. The market price is stable at USD16.5-USD28./KG. The selection needs to balance environmental adaptability and cost, and avoid excessive pursuit of purity or neglect of processing technology. Analysis of the price and technical characteristics of CuNi3 copper-nickel alloy plate CuNi3 is a high-performance copper-nickel alloy. Due to its excellent corrosion resistance, high strength and good processing performance, it is widely used in marine engineering, petrochemical, aerospace and other fields. This article will comprehensively analyze the price and application characteristics of CuNi3 copper-nickel alloy plate from the aspects of technical parameters, industry standards, and material selection misunderstandings. I. Technical parameters of CuNi3 copper-nickel alloy plate The main components of CuNi3 alloy are copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), of which the nickel content is about 3%. This ratio gives the alloy unique physical and chemical properties. The following are the main technical parameters of CuNi3 plates: Chemical composition: Cu (97%) + Ni (3%) + trace impurities. Density: 8.8g/cm³. Tensile strength: ≥500MPa. Yield strength: ≥250MPa. Elongation: ≥30%. Corrosion resistance: Excellent performance in marine environment, high temperature and high humidity conditions. Thermal conductivity: about 230W/m·K. Electrical conductivity: about 70%IACS. II: Industry standards and performance requirements The performance of CuNi3 copper-nickel alloy must comply with relevant international and domestic standards. The following are two commonly used industry standards: ASTMB369: This standard specifies the chemical composition, mechanical properties and process requirements of copper-nickel alloy plates. CuNi3 alloy must meet the classification requirements for Cu-Ni alloys in ASTMB369. AMS4676: This standard is a commonly used material standard in the aerospace field, which puts forward strict requirements on the chemical composition, heat treatment and surface quality of copper-nickel alloys. III: Price analysis of CuNi3 copper-nickel alloy plate The price of CuNi3 alloy is affected by many factors, including raw material price fluctuations, market supply and demand, and the complexity of processing technology. The following is the current market situation: International market price: According to LME (London Metal Exchange) data, the average price of copper-nickel alloy is about US$150-200 per kilogram, and the specific price depends on the alloy purity and market supply and demand. Domestic market price: Shanghai Nonferrous Network data shows that the price of domestic CuNi3 plate is about RMB 120-180 per kilogram, which is basically the same as the international price. IV:

In the global metal market, molybdenum, as an important metal element, has gradually attracted the attention of more and more investors and industry experts with its unique properties and broad application prospects. According to the latest report of China Economic Industry Research Institute, it is expected that by 2025, China’s molybdenum industry will face new market opportunities and challenges. This article will explore the current situation of China’s molybdenum industry and the extensiveness of its downstream applications to help readers fully understand the development trend of this industry. I. Basic characteristics and importance of molybdenum Molybdenum, element symbol Mo, exists in various mineral forms in nature. As a silvery-white hard metal, molybdenum not only has excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, but also has high-temperature strength and good processing properties. The special properties of molybdenum make it important in metallurgy, electrical, chemical, military and aerospace fields, especially in steel and special steel manufacturing, where the demand for molybdenum accounts for more than 80%. It can be said that the unique properties and technological potential of molybdenum make it an indispensable element in modern industry. II. Analysis of the industrial chain of the molybdenum industry The upstream of the molybdenum industry is mainly responsible for the mining and preliminary processing of molybdenum ore. There are many types of molybdenum minerals, the most commercially valuable of which is molybdenite, followed by molybdenite and molybdenum sulfide. Through processes such as crushing, grinding and flotation, molybdenum ore is converted into molybdenum concentrate, and then roasted to produce molybdenum oxide. 2. Midstream: smelting and processing The midstream involves the smelting and processing of molybdenum, mainly producing a variety of products such as molybdenum metal, molybdenum furnace materials and molybdenum chemicals. Molybdenum metal is widely used in the manufacture of molybdenum rods, molybdenum wires, etc. Molybdenum chemicals have a place in the chemical industry. 3. Downstream: Multi-field application The downstream application of molybdenum covers a wide range. The steel industry is its main consumer market, and construction steel and stainless steel manufacturing account for a large proportion. In addition, in the chemical and military fields, molybdenum has also shown good development prospects. For example, the application in high-temperature alloys and molds has greatly enhanced the performance of these materials. According to data from 2022, the demand for molybdenum ore in the field of construction steel accounted for 33.8%, and the demand in the field of stainless steel

Surface Features 1. The surface of sintered molybdenum rods has a silver-gray metallic luster. 2. There is a layer of oxide on the surface of forged molybdenum rods, and the surface is black. 3. Polished molybdenum rods have a silver-gray metallic luster. Methods for removing surface oxides. 1. Molybdenum products have the characteristics of being easily oxidized. When heavy oxides need to be removed, please entrust our company or use strong acid (fluoric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, etc.) to treat them. Please pay attention during operation. 2. For light oxides, use a cleaning agent with added abrasives, wipe with a soft cloth or sponge, etc., and then wash with warm water. Washed molybdenum products will lose their metallic luster, please pay attention. Packaging of molybdenum rods Molybdenum rods need to be packaged separately with PE pearl cotton materials and placed in suitable wooden boxes. The excess gaps must be filled to prevent vibration during transportation and damage to the product. Application and use. 1. Used to manufacture electric vacuum devices and electric light source parts. 2. Suitable for processing ion implantation parts. 3. Used as high-temperature heating elements and high-temperature structural parts. 4. Used as electrodes for furnaces in the glass and refractory fiber industries, it works in 1300℃ molten glass and has a long service life. 5. Used as electrodes in the rare earth industry. Keywords：Molybdenum rod