Background on the technological breakthrough in high-purity tungsten targets The term “high-purity tungsten sputtering targets” may sound complex and unfamiliar, but they play an indispensable and challenging role in the manufacturing of memory and radio frequency chips. For a long time, this critical material was monopolized by a foreign company. FOTMA specializes in ultra-high-purity metal materials, with high-purity tungsten sputtering targets being one of its core products. The research and development and production of these materials are crucial for advancing the manufacturing processes of memory and radio frequency chips in China. Our company’s first independently developed intelligent mass production line for ultra-high-purity tungsten target blanks has successfully commenced production, marking the achievement of full domestic production in raw material preparation, process development, and mass production line design and assembly. FOTMA Precision Materials has achieved a significant breakthrough in mastering core technologies, successfully breaking its previous dependence on imports. This breakthrough was not achieved overnight, but rather required long-term technical accumulation and unremitting efforts. While tungsten is common in everyday life, producing high-purity tungsten is a highly challenging technology. The company’s research team has dedicated over a decade to the research, development, and application of high-purity refractory metals, ultimately achieving a key technological breakthrough. Key Preparation Technology After countless trials and refinements, FOTMA Precision Materials successfully developed a revolutionary high-purity material preparation technology—high-temperature, high-pressure vapor deposition. This technology enables the deep purification of tungsten, a metal with an extremely high melting point, to purity levels exceeding 8N, currently the highest internationally. In materials science, purity is typically measured in “N,” with higher numbers indicating higher purity. For example, tungsten with a purity of 99.999% is designated as 5N, while 99.999999% is designated as 8N. Achievements in Raw Material Preparation Today, FOTMA has achieved large-scale production of high-purity tungsten targets, with an annual production capacity of 1,000 pieces, fully meeting domestic market demand and breaking the long-standing reliance on imports for high-purity tungsten. This achievement is the product of the FOTMA team’s tireless efforts and accumulated technological expertise. We have also demonstrated exceptional capabilities in transforming leading technologies into practical productivity. We have successfully developed key equipment such as fully enclosed vapor deposition equipment and vacuum distillation. These equipment features a high degree of automation, ensuring stable and efficient material preparation. Business-Government Collaboration Local Support FOTMA Precision Materials’ development in China has also received strong support from local governments. In recent years, the local

I. Overview of titanium rod As the name implies, titanium rod is a rod-shaped material made of titanium or titanium alloy. Titanium, as a rare metal, stands out in many fields with its unique physical and chemical properties. The birth of titanium rod is to make better use of these properties of titanium to meet various industrial and technological needs. II. Discovery and characteristics of titanium The discovery of titanium can be traced back to 1791, when it was first discovered in minerals by British chemist William Gregor. However, it was not until 1940 that Luxembourg scientist William Just successfully extracted pure titanium for the first time. Since then, titanium has gradually entered people’s field of vision and has attracted much attention for its excellent performance. The main characteristics of titanium include: Lightweight and high strength: The density of titanium is only 60% of that of steel, but its strength is comparable to that of steel, or even higher. Corrosion resistance: Titanium shows excellent corrosion resistance in a variety of environments, such as seawater, acid, alkali, etc. High temperature resistance: The melting point of titanium is as high as 1668℃, and it can maintain stable performance at high temperatures. Biocompatibility: Titanium has good compatibility with human tissue and will not cause rejection. 3. Classification of titanium rods According to different components and properties, titanium rods can be divided into pure titanium rods and titanium alloy rods. Pure titanium rods: Made of pure titanium, it has excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility and is often used in chemical, medical and other fields. Titanium alloy rods: Made of titanium alloyed with other metals (such as aluminum, vanadium, molybdenum, etc.), it has higher strength and better mechanical properties and is widely used in aerospace, marine engineering and other fields. Common titanium alloy rods include Ti-6Al-4V (TC4), TA10, etc. 4. Manufacturing process of titanium rods The manufacturing process of titanium rods is complex and delicate, mainly including the following steps: Smelting: Put the titanium raw material into a vacuum melting furnace for smelting, remove impurities, and obtain pure titanium liquid. Forging: Pour the smelted titanium liquid into the mold and form a preliminary rod-shaped structure by forging. Rolling: Roll the forged titanium rod to adjust its size and shape, and improve its density and strength. Drawing: The drawing process further refines the size of the titanium rod and improves its surface finish and precision. V.

As an ordinary person, titanium wire is rarely seen. However, what we usually see is iron wire. Iron wire can be seen everywhere in our lives. Titanium wire is used in industry as commonly as iron wire in life, and many a titanium wire company and titanium wire factory are dedicated to its production and supply. Titanium wire is a silvery-white metal (laboratory) with many excellent properties. The density of titanium is 4.54g/cm³, which is 43% lighter than steel. The mechanical strength is similar to that of steel and twice that of aluminum. Titanium is resistant to high temperatures, with a melting point of 1942K, which is nearly 500K higher than steel. China titanium wire is well-known in the global market for its reliable quality and competitive price. Titanium wire, from subtle medical treatment to vast space, from petrochemicals to daily sports and leisure, all show its unique charm. Especially now with the rise of 3D printing technology. What is particularly striking is that more than 60% of titanium and titanium alloy wires are used as welding wires, like a link connecting the industrial world, carrying the mission of firmness and reliability. For those looking to buy titanium wire for various applications, understanding these properties is key, and many suppliers offer titanium wire for sale to meet diverse needs. Today we mainly talk about the production and manufacturing of titanium wires with reference to φ2.6mm titanium wires. Titanium wire production process: titanium ingot—opening 150—sawing–rolling round bar (φ80mm)—removing black skin (peeling)—rolling φ10mm coil—removing black skin—inspection and grinding—multi-stage wire drawing (11 stretching)—final annealing—finished product (φ2.6mm)—closing. A professional titanium wire factory strictly follows these processes to ensure product quality, while a reliable titanium wire company manages the entire supply chain, including maintaining adequate titanium wire stock for timely delivery. The main process used for titanium wire: wire drawing. Wire drawing (fixed die drawing) refers to a processing method in which the wire passes through the die hole under a certain tensile force, “plastic deformation occurs, the cross section is reduced, and the length is increased”. Under the action of the drawing force, the wire rod or wire blank is slowly pulled out, and after fine carving of the die, it finally becomes a titanium wire with a small cross section. Whether for individual purchases or wholesale titanium wire orders, the quality of the finished product depends heavily on this process. There are two ways of wire drawing (fixed die drawing): hot drawing, which is drawing above the recrystallization temperature. Cold drawing,

TC4 titanium alloy is one of the most widely used titanium alloys at present. It has high strength and good corrosion resistance, but in the seamless titanium tube market at home and abroad, titanium tube manufacturers (titanium tube manufacturers) and titanium tube suppliers (titanium tube suppliers) rarely provide seamless titanium tubes made of TC4 material. TC4 titanium materials are mainly plates. In the current market, the available TC4 titanium tubes (titanium tube for sale) are mostly high-strength thick-walled tubes produced by hot extrusion or oblique perforation. Due to the complex processing equipment and cumbersome processes, the titanium tube price (titanium tube price) of such products remains relatively high, which limits their application range. For titanium tube factories (titanium tube factory) and companies, this has long been a technical bottleneck in expanding product lines—especially for titanium round tube (titanium round tube) products, which are in high demand in industrial fields. The warm rolling process traditionally used requires improving traditional rollers by installing induction heating devices on tube rolling mills. This processing equipment has a complex structure, cumbersome processes, and high production costs. The main reason for this situation is that TC4 titanium alloy has high strength and is difficult to cold-roll form. To solve the key technology of cold-rolling forming of TC4 seamless tubes, schools and enterprises have jointly conducted a series of researches. For example, using the direct cold-rolling forming process to produce high-strength titanium alloy tubes not only greatly reduces production costs but also provides more choices for downstream customers who want to buy titanium tube (buy titanium tube), including wholesale titanium tube (wholesale titanium tube) and customized orders. In the context of global industrial demand, China titanium tube (china titanium tube) enterprises (titanium tube company) have been actively breaking through technical barriers. This cold-rolling technology breakthrough is particularly significant for titanium tube china (titanium tube china) manufacturers, as it enables the production of custom titanium tube (custom titanium tube) and customized titanium tube (customized titanium tube) products with higher precision and lower costs. It also helps stabilize titanium tube stock (titanium tube stock) supply, ensuring that both standard and special-specification products can meet market needs in a timely manner. The research results show that: In the case of small deformation billet opening, the wall thickness deviation is small and the surface roughness gradually decreases; in the case of large deformation billet opening, the wall thickness deviation is large, which will affect the wall thickness deviation of

“What’s exciting is that the fracture toughness of low-oxygen titanium exceeds all commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys reported so far, and even exceeds most metal materials.” Professor Han Weizhong of Xi’an Jiaotong University said. Recently, he and his team successfully broke through the limit performance of titanium and titanium alloys, reducing the oxygen impurity content of commercially pure titanium from 0.14wt.% to 0.02wt.%, and increasing its fracture toughness from 117MPa∙m^1/2 to 255MPa∙m^1/2. Through this study, they also revealed for the first time the ultra-high intrinsic fracture toughness of titanium, breaking the traditional cognition that the fracture toughness of titanium and titanium alloys is less than 130MPa∙m^1/2, proving that low-oxygen titanium is one of the most resilient metal materials known to date. In general, this achievement has brought important inspiration for the design of high-strength and high-toughness titanium alloys. At present, in the field of aerospace, in order to promote the application of titanium alloys under certain safety-critical load conditions, people have adopted the design idea of controlling oxygen content in titanium alloys, which can not only improve the fracture toughness of titanium alloys, but also commercialize related products. For example, damage-tolerant Ti-6Al-4V (TC4 DT) alloy and ultra-low interstitial (ELI) Ti-6Al-4V alloy have been widely used. However, for the current damage-tolerant titanium alloy, the oxygen content in it is still at a high level, resulting in its fracture toughness being limited to below 130MPa∙m1/2. To further improve the application range of classic titanium alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V, it is necessary to improve its service safety. Subsequently, by further reducing the content of oxygen impurities, the fracture toughness of the titanium alloy will be able to achieve a leapfrog improvement. In fact, almost all close-packed hexagonal structure metals, including titanium, zirconium, magnesium, zinc, etc., which are currently widely used, have the phenomenon that <c+a> dislocations are difficult to activate or have poor mobility. This makes their plasticity and fracture toughness far lower than most face-centered cubic structure metals, resulting in limited application range. Therefore, the subsequent alloying design scheme can be used to promote the activation of deformation twins in large quantities. Then, the dense activation of <c+a> dislocations can be promoted through twin boundaries, thereby significantly improving the mechanical properties of close-packed hexagonal metals. It Is Expected To Greatly Improve The Deformation Ability Of Close-Packed Hexagonal Metals Han Weizhong said that he and his team have been paying attention to the influence of dissolved oxygen on the properties of metal

1. Definition and composition of molybdenum alloy Molybdenum alloy, as the name implies, is an alloy material composed of molybdenum as the main component and other elements added. Molybdenum (Mo) is a silvery-white metal element with high melting point, high hardness, and good thermal and electrical conductivity. In molybdenum alloys, the content of molybdenum is usually high, a key factor determining its performance. Beyond molybdenum, the alloy may include elements like iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and even copper in specific formulations—such as molybdenum copper or molybdenum copper alloy, which combine molybdenum’s high-temperature resistance with copper’s conductivity. The addition of these elements, including copper in copper moly composites, enhances properties like strength, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance. 2. The proportion of molybdenum in molybdenum alloys applications, molybdenum content ranges widely based on performance needs and use environments. For example, high-strength molybdenum alloys may contain over 90% molybdenum, while alloys requiring high corrosion resistance might adjust molybdenum proportion by adding other elements—including copper in moly copper alloys to balance conductivity and heat dissipation. In copper moly copper structures, the layered composition further tailors properties for specific uses, such as electronic packaging. 3. Properties of molybdenum alloys Molybdenum alloys offer excellent properties from their unique component mix. High molybdenum content grants a high melting point and hardness, ideal for high-temperature environments. Adding elements like copper in molybdenum copper alloy adjusts strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance for diverse applications. For instance, molybdenum copper composites combine molybdenum’s thermal stability with copper’s high thermal conductivity, making them suitable for heat sinks in electronics. Additionally, these alloys maintain good electrical conductivity, critical for applications requiring efficient energy transfer. 4. Preparation process of molybdenum alloys The preparation of molybdenum alloys—including molybdenum copper and copper moly variants—typically involves batching, smelting, pouring, heat treatment, and machining. For molybdenum copper alloy, raw materials like molybdenum powder and copper are accurately weighed, then sintered or infiltrated to form a composite. High-temperature smelting ensures uniform mixing, while heat treatment optimizes the microstructure. Machining converts the alloy into products like moly copper heat spreaders or electrical contacts, with China-based manufacturers often specializing in such precision processes. 5. Application fields of molybdenum alloys Molybdenum alloys, including molybdenum copper and copper moly materials, have wide-ranging uses: Price and market considerations Molybdenum alloy price fluctuates with raw material costs (e.g., molybdenum and copper prices), alloy composition (e.g., high-molybdenum vs. molybdenum copper), and processing complexity. China molybdenum alloy suppliers often offer competitive pricing for standard and custom moly copper or copper moly products, making them preferred choices for industries seeking a balance of performance and cost. Molybdenum alloys—from pure molybdenum-based materials to molybdenum copper alloy composites—deliver versatile performance

In the field of metal materials, copper-nickel alloys are widely used in many industries due to their unique performance advantages. Copper nickel 70 30 (CuNi70-30) and copper nickel 90 10 (CuNi90-10) are two typical copper-nickel alloys, which have obvious differences in composition, performance, and application. These materials, often supplied by copper nickel manufacturers and copper nickel suppliers, are available in various forms such as copper nickel bar and copper nickel round bar, making them suitable for diverse industrial needs. Chemical composition Physical properties Mechanical properties Corrosion resistance Processing performance Application fields Price considerations When evaluating these alloys, factors like copper nickel 90 10 price, copper nickel price per kg, or copper nickel price per pound vary by supplier, material form (e.g., bar, round bar), and order volume. Manufacturers and suppliers typically provide quotes based on current market rates and product specifications. Copper nickel 70 30 and copper nickel 90 10 each offer distinct advantages in composition, performance, and application. Selecting the right copper nickel material requires balancing use requirements, environmental factors, and cost—with guidance from reliable manufacturers and suppliers to ensure optimal performance. Keywords：copper nickel 90 10 copper nickel bar copper nickel material copper nickel 70 30 copper nickel round bar copper nickel 90 10 price copper nickel manufacturers copper nickel suppliers copper nickel price per kg copper nickel price per pound

Basic knowledge of titanium metal The element titanium (Titanium) was first discovered by British scientist Gregor in ilmenite in 1791. Later, German chemist Klaprus also discovered it from rutile in 1795 and named it “titanium”. However, due to the extremely high chemical activity of titanium, the refining process is quite difficult. It was not until 1910 that American scientist Hunter successfully extracted pure titanium for the first time through sodium reduction. In 1940, Luxembourg scientist Kroll further adopted the magnesium reduction method and successfully produced sponge titanium, thus laying a solid foundation for the large-scale industrial production of titanium. It is worth mentioning that the reserves of titanium in the earth’s crust are considerable. It ranks fourth, second only to iron, aluminum, and magnesium, and its reserves far exceed the sum of commonly used metals copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. In industry, ores such as rutile, white titanium ore, perovskite, and ilmenite are widely used to produce titanium. In addition, titanium metal also has many excellent properties. From the appearance, it is silver-gray, similar to steel, but its performance is better than ordinary metals. ① Titanium metal has low density and high strength, which is very suitable for the needs of lightweight construction. Its density is 4.54g/cm3, which is only 56% of ordinary structural steel, but its strength is equivalent or higher. Among metal structural materials, titanium’s specific strength (that is, the ratio of material strength to density) ranks among the best. In addition, adding a small amount of titanium to the alloy can significantly improve its performance. ② Titanium can react quickly with oxygen in the natural environment to form a strong oxide film, which gives it excellent corrosion resistance. This oxide film can remain stable in oxidizing acids, alkalis, and salt media, especially in wet chlorine and seawater, where its corrosion resistance is even better. Therefore, titanium is very suitable for harsh environments such as seaside, acid rain and volcanic areas. ③ Titanium’s expansion coefficient is about half that of stainless steel and copper, which makes it less stress when the temperature changes. Therefore, it is very suitable for use in environments with large temperature changes, such as the roof of a building. ④Titanium is a non-combustible material with a melting point of up to 1660℃ and can withstand a high temperature of 1100℃ in a fire. In addition, titanium alloys also have excellent thermal strength, which is far superior

Ni200 nickel plate is a high-purity, high-performance metal material. The following is a detailed introduction to it: 1. Composition and structure Main composition: Ni200 nickel plate is mainly composed of nickel elements, with a nickel content of more than 99.6%, and the rest are trace impurity elements such as iron, carbon, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, etc. Structural characteristics: It has a face-centered cubic lattice structure, which gives it good strength and toughness. 2. Physical and chemical properties Corrosion resistance: Ni200 nickel plate shows good corrosion resistance in a variety of corrosive media, especially in reducing media, its corrosion resistance is particularly outstanding. This makes Ni200 nickel plate widely used in chemical equipment, seawater desalination equipment and other fields. Electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity: Ni200 nickel plate has excellent electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, and its electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are relatively high. This makes Ni200 nickel plate widely used in electronic components, vacuum devices, precision instruments and other fields. Mechanical properties: Ni200 nickel plate has good mechanical properties, including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, etc. Although its mechanical properties are relatively low (such as tensile strength of 380 MPa and yield strength of 105 MPa), it still has good processing performance and mechanical properties, and can be used to manufacture parts of various shapes through cold processing and slight processing. 3. Application fields Chemical industry: Ni200 nickel plate is widely used in the chemical industry, mainly used to manufacture corrosion-resistant chemical equipment, pipelines, valves, etc. Its good corrosion resistance can ensure the long-term stable operation of equipment in corrosive media. Electronic field: Ni200 nickel plate also has important applications in the electronics field, mainly used to manufacture electronic components, electric vacuum devices, etc. Its excellent electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity can meet the needs of electronic components for high-performance materials. Aerospace field: In the aerospace field, Ni200 nickel plate is used to manufacture high-temperature structural parts, heat shields, etc. Its good high temperature performance and corrosion resistance can ensure the stable operation of equipment in extreme environments. Other fields: Ni200 nickel plate is also widely used in medical, nuclear industry and other fields. For example, in the medical field, Ni200 nickel plate is used to manufacture medical devices such as artificial joints and dental implants; in the nuclear industry, Ni200 nickel plate is used to manufacture protective screens, heat exchangers and other equipment for nuclear reactors. IV. Processing and heat treatment process Casting process: Melting: Since Ni200 has a high melting point (about 1453°C),